Non-Surgical Botox Services New Westminster

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This innovative treatment, now offered by Manhas Health Co., is your key to unlocking a more youthful glow without the need for invasive procedures. Learn more about Non-Surgical Botox Services New Westminster here Book your appointment today and experience the difference our experienced team of specialists can make in your aesthetic journey. Learn more about New Westminster Botox Clinic here. Advanced Forma harnesses cutting-edge technology to redefine facial contours, delivering a noticeably rejuvenated appearance. With Evolve-X, your dream body isn't just a possibility-it's within reach.
To kick off your Evolve-X body sculpting journey, the first step is scheduling a consultation with a Manhas Health expert. Botox for smile lines Rest assured, from the moment you start with us, you're in capable hands committed to enhancing your natural beauty and boosting your confidence. Merging science with nature, these products work in harmony with our professional treatments to amplify your results.
That's the promise of your journey with Manhas Health Co. – where your beauty aspirations become our dedicated mission. Each member of our team brings a wealth of knowledge and a unique set of skills to the table. This bespoke approach not only targets your current concerns but also anticipates future needs, helping to prevent the signs of aging before they start.

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Join us at Manhas Health Co and discover the perfect blend of luxury, innovation, and personalized care. They're there to answer your questions and guide you through your aesthetic journey with integrity and compassion. Instead, Manhas Health Co. offers a seamless online booking option on their website, available 24/7, allowing you to choose a time and date that fits perfectly into your busy schedule.

When you arrive for your first appointment, you'll be greeted warmly by our team. To maintain your newly sculpted face and extend the youthful glow, it's essential to follow a tailored skincare routine. Jamie's warmth and understanding make every visit a comforting experience. This helps ensure you don't forget anything important when you're speaking with our specialists. Botox for TMJ

Our expert team is ready to guide you through a journey of self-discovery and confidence-building, offering ongoing support and care every step of the way. Similarly, our advanced radiofrequency therapies can tighten and tone your skin, giving you a more youthful look by stimulating collagen production. From the moment you step into our clinic in Non-Surgical Botox Services New Westminster, you'll find a supportive environment where your concerns and aspirations are heard.

You'll find a suite of options at your fingertips, from non-invasive skin rejuvenation techniques that reduce signs of aging and improve skin tone, to advanced laser treatments targeting blemishes, scars, and unwanted hair.

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It's important to keep your skin clean and free of any makeup, creams, or lotions on the day of your session. Manhas Health Co. is on a mission to make aesthetic improvements accessible and convenient. Botox for excessive sweating

Our commitment to personalized care doesn't just end with the treatment.

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There's no downtime. That's why our experts sit down with you to listen to your concerns, goals, and aspirations.

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New Westminster (colloquially known as New West) is a city in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia, Canada, and a member municipality of the Metro Vancouver Regional District. It was founded by Major-General Richard Moody as the capital of the Colony of British Columbia in 1858 and continued in that role until the Mainland and Island colonies were merged in 1866. It was the British Columbia Mainland's largest city from that year until it was passed in population by Vancouver during the first decade of the 20th century.

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How much does Botox cost in New Westminster

Nearby Tourist Attractions

Ron McLean Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Ron McLean Park, 7820 Hedley Ave, Burnaby, BC V5E 2R3
Community park with a kids' playground, baseball field & courts for tennis & basketball.

Byrne Creek Ravine Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Byrne Creek Ravine Park, 6555 Byrnepark Dr, Burnaby, BC V5E 4L4
Wooded natural area with a winding creek, trails for hiking & dog-walking & a baseball diamond.

Burnaby Blues & Roots Festival

Tourist attraction
Burnaby Blues & Roots Festival, Burnaby, BC V5G 3T1

Burnaby Mountain Biking and Hiking Trails

Tourist attraction, Hiking area
Burnaby Mountain Biking and Hiking Trails, University Dr E, Burnaby, BC V5A 4Y8

Citations and other links

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In addition to Evolve-X's remarkable benefits, the technology offers the unique advantage of personalized body contouring, ensuring each treatment plan is tailored specifically to your needs. Before your appointment, it's a good idea to jot down any questions or concerns you might have. Reapplying it as necessary, especially after sweating or swimming, ensures your skin remains shielded from premature aging.

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You'll learn about the number of sessions you might need, what each session involves, and any preparation or follow-up care necessary to enhance your outcomes.

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We'll guide you through a selection of treatments, explaining the benefits and how they align with your goals.

Following these steps diligently won't only enhance the longevity of your Forma Face Sculpting results but also contribute to overall skin health. You'll find privacy and comfort are prioritized, creating a serene environment that feels like a retreat from the outside world. Choosing Evolve-X at Manhas Health Co isn't just about changing how you look; it's about embracing a healthier, more confident you. The beauty of this procedure is its versatility.

Before your Morpheus 8 session, it's crucial to follow specific preparation steps to ensure the best possible outcome. Botox for wrinkle treatment New Westminster At Manhas Health Co, we understand that everyone's body is different, and what works for one person mightn't work for another.

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Make sure you're hydrated and have eaten a light meal before you arrive. However, it's important to manage your expectations.

You'll start seeing improvements in your skin's texture and tightness after a few sessions, with full results becoming apparent a few months after completing the treatment series. They're not just for those who've experienced childbirth; aging, significant weight loss, or genetic factors can also affect vaginal health. This detailed evaluation allows us to recommend the most suitable treatments that align with your objectives and lifestyle. Morpheus 8 Resurfacing revolutionizes skin rejuvenation by deeply remodeling your skin's underlying structures to restore a more youthful appearance.

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Whether you're interested in skincare treatments, body sculpting, or anything in between, we've got you covered. Based on this analysis, they'll craft a personalized skincare regimen, selecting products and treatments that align perfectly with your skin's characteristics. For example, if you have sensitive skin, we might opt for a gentler peel or adjust the frequency of treatments to ensure your skin's integrity isn't compromised. Understanding the differences between Morpheus 8 and PRP treatments sets the stage for appreciating real success stories from Non-Surgical Botox Services New Westminster.

In essence, IPL photo facials offer a multifaceted approach to skin rejuvenation. Firstly, it's essential to rest and limit your physical activity for a few days. With years of experience and a passion for beauty and wellness, they're here to guide you through every step of your transformation journey.

Evolve-X, on the other hand, uses state-of-the-art technology to ensure a high level of safety and comfort. They're tailored to meet your unique needs, whether you're looking to plump up thin lips, enhance shallow contours, soften facial creases, or improve the appearance of recessed scars. As you witness the visible improvements, you'll feel a renewed sense of confidence that radiates from within.

Certain medications can affect how your skin reacts to the treatment, so it's vital to have an open conversation about your medical history. You might experience some tenderness or swelling, but don't worry; this is normal. Follow these directions closely to prevent infection and promote optimal healing.



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For optimal results, a series of treatments is recommended, tailored specifically to your skin's needs and your aesthetic goals.

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We'll ask about your lifestyle, health history, and any specific areas you want to improve. Look for products with hyaluronic acid to lock in moisture and boost elasticity. Diving into the realm of skin rejuvenation, Morpheus 8 offers a transformative solution for those seeking a firmer, smoother complexion.

She's not alone in her journey; many echo her sentiments, emphasizing the personal and intimate benefits they've experienced. Remember, at Manhas Health Co., your personalized aesthetic care is our priority. We'll provide you with guidance on maintaining your new physique, offering tips on diet, exercise, and lifestyle to ensure your results last.

You'll find a range of options, from non-invasive facials that rejuvenate the skin to more intensive procedures like microneedling and PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) therapy, which promote collagen production and cell turnover. Each photo in our gallery tells a story of confidence regained and self-esteem boosted. Here's the fascinating part: the growth factors in PRP stimulate hair follicles that have become dormant, encouraging new hair growth and making existing hair thicker and healthier.

We've handpicked each member for their expertise, passion, and commitment to delivering personalized treatments that align with your unique needs and aspirations. Together, we'll unlock the version of you that feels empowered to face the world with positivity and grace. Botox for hyperhidrosis Feeling comfortable and at ease enhances your experience and helps us take the best care of you.

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Those with certain medical conditions affecting the skin or immune system may need to explore other options. This personalized approach ensures optimal results, making it a top choice for those looking to invest in their skin's health and appearance. Imagine a skincare routine so finely tuned to your skin's needs that every day brings you closer to the flawless, age-defying complexion you've always desired. What sets Manhas Health Co. apart is their dedication to creating a customized treatment plan for each client. Clients have shared their stories, detailing not only the physical changes but the boost in confidence they've experienced.

Like a phoenix rising from the ashes, your skin and hair can undergo a transformative rebirth with Morpheus 8 Resurfacing and PRP Hair Restoration in Non-Surgical Botox Services New Westminster.

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Say goodbye to the daily hassle and hello to lasting results. Before scheduling your consultation, let's explore the facets of vaginal rejuvenation, understanding its benefits and determining how it might best serve your needs and aspirations.

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Choosing Manhas Health Co means opting for a partner who genuinely cares about your wellbeing and satisfaction.

Let's redefine aging together at Manhas Health Co. You'll be informed about the various options available, including the latest advancements in aesthetic care, and guided through the benefits and potential outcomes of each procedure. If you must go outside, apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 30 to protect your skin from harmful UV rays. Whether you're looking for skin revitalization, anti-aging solutions, or body contouring, they've got you covered with the latest technology and techniques.

Whether you're battling hair loss or seeking to enhance your skin's health from within, PRP offers a compelling, science-backed method for rejuvenation. You'll see your skin's texture improve, becoming smoother and more even. Inspired by the transformative experiences shared by clients, it's now your opportunity to explore how vaginal rejuvenation at Manhas Health Co. can benefit you by scheduling your consultation. There's no need to press pause on your life to achieve your aesthetic goals.

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We don't just stop at treating the problem areas. It's like getting the benefits of a gym session while you relax. They've got a range of options, from non-surgical to minimally invasive treatments, ensuring you find something that aligns perfectly with your comfort level and health goals.

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Learn more about Non-Surgical Botox Services New Westminster here These efforts don't just raise awareness; they foster a sense of unity and support among residents. There's no downtime, so you can jump back into your daily routine immediately after.
You've heard about it, perhaps whispered among friends or glimpsed in discreet online forums, but now it's accessible, offering a beacon of hope for those seeking restoration and revitalization. The precision and depth of the treatment are adjustable, making it a versatile option for different skin types and concerns. While we're on the subject of enhancing your appearance, let's explore how our laser hair removal services can offer you smooth, hair-free skin. At Manhas Health Co., you'll find a supportive environment where you can openly discuss your concerns and goals.
By staying at the forefront of the latest advancements in aesthetic medicine, we ensure that you receive the highest standard of care.

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Imagine stepping into the serene ambiance of Manhas Health Co. in Non-Surgical Botox Services New Westminster, where the latest advancements in vaginal rejuvenation await to enhance your wellbeing and confidence. Botox for men Read more about Non-Surgical Botox Services New Westminster here What's fascinating is that this technology doesn't just work on the surface; it goes deeper, ensuring the results aren't only visible but lasting. This initial step is crucial, as it sets the foundation for your customized treatment plan.
With the latest technological advancements at their fingertips, they're setting new benchmarks in personalized body contouring. From your first consultation, where your skin's needs are attentively listened to, to the selection of advanced aesthetic treatments and non-invasive procedures powered by state-of-the-art technology, every step is designed with your unique beauty and wellness goals in mind. We're dedicated to guiding you through your aesthetic journey with compassion, expertise, and unwavering support, ensuring your experience with us not only meets but exceeds your expectations. From board-certified dermatologists to skilled aestheticians, we've handpicked the best in the industry to ensure your experience is nothing short of exceptional.

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Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

[edit]

Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

[edit]

Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

[edit]

Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

[edit]
A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
  15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
  16. ^ "Dr Karl's Homework – Skin Wrinkles in Water (26/1/2000)". Abc.net.au. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  17. ^ Einar P.V. Wilder-Smith; Adeline Chow (2003). "Water-immersion wrinkeling is due to vasoconstriction". Muscle & Nerve. 27 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/mus.10323. PMID 12635117. S2CID 45193684.
  18. ^ Einar P. V. Wilder-Smith (2004). "Water immersion wrinkling". Clinical Autonomic Research. 14 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0172-4. PMID 15095056. S2CID 44938772.
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  21. ^ The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide. Penguin. 15 August 2023. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7440-8513-6.
  22. ^ Stefanaki C, Stratigos A, Katsambas A (June 2005). "Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging". J Cosmet Dermatol. 4 (2): 130–4. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40215.x. PMID 17166212. S2CID 44702740.
  23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
[edit]

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

[edit]
The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

[edit]
A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

[edit]
Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

[edit]
Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

[edit]

Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

[edit]
Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

[edit]
Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

[edit]
Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. cite book: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

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